Radon (A Citizen's Guide to Radon)

*Radonfacts medical author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler,MD

• Radon is aradioactivegasthat is known to causecancers.
• Radon causes about 21,000lung cancerdeaths each yearinthe U.S.
• Radon is produced from the natural breakdown ofuraniumin soil,rock和water.
• Radon is found all over the U.S. It can be detected in any type of building - homes, offices, and schools.
• It is impossible tosmell或者taste氡。
• Radon enters a home through cracks and other holes in the foundation. It builds up inside buildings.
• Nearly 1 out of every 15 homes in the U.S. is estimated to have elevated radon levels.
• 测试for radon is easy. Both short-term and long-terms testing devices are available.
• It is possible to reduce radon levels in the home if they are found to be elevated.

• Test your home for radon - it's easy and inexpensive.
• Fix your home if your radon level is 4 picocuries perliter, or pCi/L, or higher.
• ra含量小于4 PCI/L仍然有风险，并且在许多情况下可能会降低。

据估计ra会引起数千个lung cancerdeaths in the U.S. each year.

* Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lungcancerdeaths per year, according toEPA's 2003 Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003). The numbers of deaths from other causes are taken from the Centers forDiseaseControl和Prevention's 2005-2006 National Center forInjuryPrevention and Control Report and 2006 National Safety Council Reports.

Radon is acancer-causing, radioactive gas.

You can't see radon. And you can't smell it or taste it. But it may be a problem in your home.

Radon is estimated to cause many thousands of deaths each year. That's because when you breathe air containing radon, you can get lungcancer. In fact, theSurgeon Generalhas warned that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. Only抽烟causes more lung cancer deaths. If you smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung cancer is especially high.

Radon can be found all over the U.S.

Radon comes from the natural (radioactive) breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets into the air you breathe. Radon can be found all over the U.S. It can get into any type of building - homes, offices, and schools - and result in a high indoor radon level. But you and yourfamilyare most likely to get your greatest exposure at home, where you spend most of your time. You should test for radon.

测试is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon. EPA and theSurgeonGeneral recommend testing all homes below the third floor for radon. EPA also recommends testing in schools.

测试is inexpensive and easy - it should only take a few minutes of your time. Millions of Americans have already tested their homes for radon (see How to Test Your Home).

你可以解决一个氡问题。

Radon reduction systems work and they are not too costly. Some radon reduction systems can reduce radon levels in your home by up to 99%. Even very high levels can be reduced to acceptable levels.

New homes can be built with radon-resistant features.

Radon-resistant construction techniques can be effective in preventing radon entry. When installed properly and completely, these simple and inexpensive techniques can help reduce indoor radon levels in homes. In addition, installing them at the time of construction makes it easier and less expensive to reduce radon levels further if these passive techniques don't reduce radon levels to below 4 pCi/L. Every new home should be tested after occupancy, even if it was built radon-resistant. If radon levels are still in excess of 4 pCi/L, the passive system should be activated by having a qualified mitigator install a vent fan. For more explanation of radon resistant construction techniques, refer to EPA publication, Building Radon Out: A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Build Radon-Resistant Homes (PDF) (84 pp., 5.5 M).

Radon is a radioactive gas. It comes from the natural decay of uranium that is found in nearly all soils. It typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into your home through cracks and other holes in the foundation. Your home traps radon inside, where it can build up. Any home may have a radon problem. This means new and old homes, well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements.

Radon from soil gas is the main cause of radon problems. Sometimes radon enters the home through well water (see "Radon in Water" below). In a small number of homes, the building materials can give off radon, too. However, building materials rarely cause radon problems by themselves.

ra陷入困境：

• Cracks in solid floors
• Construction joints
• Cracks in walls
• Gaps in suspended floors
• Gaps around service pipes
• Cavitiesinside walls
• 供水

Nearly 1 out of every 15 homes in the U.S. is estimated to have elevated radon levels. Elevated levels of radon gas have been found in homes in your state. Contact your state radon office for general information about radon in your area. While radon problems may be more common in some areas, any home may have a problem. The only way to know about your home is to test.

Radon can also be a problem in schools and workplaces. Ask your state radon office about radon problems in schools, daycare and childcare facilities, and workplaces in your area.

You can't see radon, but it's not hard to find out if you have a radon problem in your home. All you need to do is test for radon. Testing is easy and should only take a few minutes of your time.

The amount of radon in the air is measured in "picocuries per liter of air," or "pCi/L." There are many kinds of low-cost "do-it-yourself" radon test kits you can get through the mail and in some hardware stores and other retail outlets. If you prefer, or if you are buying or selling a home, you can hire a qualified tester to do the testing for you. You should first contact your state radon office about obtaining a list of qualified testers. You can also contact a private radon proficiency program for lists of privately certified radon professionals serving your area.

There are Two General Ways to Test for Radon: Testing is easy and should only take a few minutes of your time.

最快的测试方法是进行短期测试。根据设备，短期测试在您的家中持续了两天至90天。“木炭罐”，“ Alpha Track”，“ elever室”，“连续监视器”和“木炭液体闪烁”探测器最常用于短期测试。由于ra的水平随着每日和季节的变化而变化，因此短期测试的可能性要小于长期测试的可能性，告诉您您的一年 -圆形的average radon level. If you need results quickly, however, a short-term test followed by a second short-term test may be used to decide whether to fix your home (see Home Sales).

长期测试保留在您的家中超过90天。“ Alpha Track”和“ epentret”探测器通常用于此类测试。长期测试将使您的阅读更有可能告诉您与短期测试相比，您的房屋全年平均水平。

EPA Recommends the Following Testing Steps:

Step 1.Take a short-term test. If your result is 4 pCi/L or higher, take a follow-up test (Step 2) to be sure.

Step 2.Follow up with either a long-term test or a second short-term test:

• For a better understanding of your year-round average radon level, take a long-term test.
• If you need results quickly, take a second short-term test.

您的最初短期测试结果越高，您可以越确定您应该进行短期而不是长期随访测试。如果您的第一个短期测试结果是EPA的4个PCI/L动作水平的两倍以上，则应立即进行第二次短期测试。

Step 3.If you followed up with a long-term test: Fix your home if your long-term test result is 4 pCi/L or more. If you followed up with a second short-term test: The higher your short-term results, the more certain you can be that you should fix your home. Consider fixing your home if the average of your first and second test is 4 pCi/L or higher. (see also Home Sales)

Follow the instructions that come with your test kit. If you are doing a short-term test, close your windows and outside doors and keep them closed as much as possible during the test. Heating and air-conditioningsystem fans that re-circulate air may be operated. Do not operate fans or other machines which bring in air from outside. Fans that are part of a radon-reduction system or small exhaust fans operating only for short periods of time may run during the test. If you are doing a short-term test lasting just 2 or 3 days, be sure to close your windows and outside doors at least 12 hours before beginning the test, too. You should not conduct short-term tests lasting just 2 or 3 days during unusually severe storms or periods of unusually high winds. The test kit should be placed in the lowest lived-in level of the home (for example, the basement if it is frequently used, otherwise the first floor). It should be put in a room that is used regularly (like a living room, playroom, den or bedroom) but not your kitchen or bathroom. Place the kit at least 20 inches above the floor in a location where it won't be disturbed - away from drafts, high heat, high humidity, and exterior walls. Leave the kit in place for as long as the package says. Once you've finished the test, reseal the package and send it to thelabspecified on the package right away foranalysis. You should receive your test results within a few weeks.

立即测试您的房屋并保存结果。如果发现高ra含量，请在决定出售房屋之前修复房屋。

The average indoor radon level is estimated to be about 1.3 pCi/L, and about 0.4 pCi/L of radon is normally found in the outside air. The U.S. Congress has set a long-term goal that indoor radon levels be no more than outdoor levels. While this goal is not yet technologically achievable in all cases, most homes today can be reduced to 2 pCi/L or below.

Sometimes short-term tests are less definitive about whether or not your home is above 4 pCi/L. This can happen when your results are close to 4 pCi/L. For example, if the average of your two short-term test results is 4.1 pCi/L, there is about a 50% chance that your year-round average is somewhat below 4 pCi/L. However, EPA believes that any radon exposure carries some risk - no level of radon is safe. Even radon levels below 4 pCi/L pose some risk, and you can reduce your risk of lung cancer by lowering your radon level.

If your living patterns change and you begin occupying a lower level of your home (such as a basement) you should retest your home on that level.

Even if your test result is below 4 pCi/L, you may want to test again sometime in the future.

More and more, home buyers and renters are asking about radon levels before they buy or rent a home. Because real estate sales happen quickly, there is often little time to deal with radon and other issues. The best thing to do is to test for radon NOW and save the results in case the buyer is interested in them. Fix a problem if it exists so it won't complicate your home sale. If you are planning to move, read EPA's pamphlet "Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon," which addresses some common questions (see also Radon in Real Estate). You can also use the results of two short-term tests done side-by-side (four inches apart) to decide whether to fix your home.

During home sales:

• Buyers often ask if a home has been tested, and if elevated levels were reduced.
• 买家经常想要不参与房屋销售的人进行的测试。您的州ra办公室可以帮助您识别合格的测试仪。
• Buyers might want to know the radon levels in areas of the home (like a basement they plan to finish) that the seller might not otherwise test.

如今许多房屋在建造以防止氡coming in. Building codes in your state or local area may require these radon-resistant construction features. If you are buying or renting a new home, ask the owner or builder if it has radon-resistant features. The EPA recommends building new homes with radon-resistant features in high radon potential (Zone 1) areas. Even if built radon-resistant, every new home should be tested for radon after occupancy. If you have a test result of 4 pCi/L or more, consult a qualified mitigator to estimate the cost of upgrading to an active system by adding a vent fan to reduce the radon level. In an existing home, the cost to install a radon mitigation system is about the same as for other common home repairs. For more information, refer to EPA's Map of Radon Zones and other useful EPA documents on radon-resistant new construction (see publications). See also EPA's Indoor airPLUS new homes certification program.

There are two main sources for the radon in your home's indoor air, the soil and the water supply. Compared to radon entering the home through water, radon entering your home through the soil is usually a much larger risk.

The radon in your water supply poses aninhalationrisk and an ingestion risk. Research has shown that your risk of lung cancer frombreathingradon in air is much larger than your risk ofstomach cancerfrom swallowing water with radon in it. Most of your risk from radon in water comes from radon released into the air when water is used for showering and other household purposes.

Radon in your home's water is not usually a problem when its source is surface water. A radon in water problem is more likely when its source is ground water, e.g. a private well or a public water supply system that uses ground water. If you are concerned that radon may be entering your home through the water and your water comes from a public water supply, contact your water supplier.

If you've tested the air in your home and found a radon problem, and your water comes from a well, have your water tested.

If you've tested your private well and have a radon in water problem, it can be fixed. Your home's water supply can be treated in two ways. Point-of-entry treatment can effectively remove radon from the water before it enters your home. Point-of-use treatment devices remove radon from your water at the tap, but only treat a small portion of the water you use and are not effective in reducing the risk frombreathingradon released into the air from all water used in the home.

For more information, call EPA's Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or visit www.epa.gov/safewater/radon.html If your water comes from a private well, you can also contact your state radon office.

Since there is no known safe level of radon, there can always be some risk. But the risk can be reduced by lowering the radon level in your home.

There are several proven methods to reduce radon in your home, but the one primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath thehouse和vents it to the outside. This system, known as a soil suction radon reduction system, does not requiremajor改变你的家。密封基础裂缝d other openings makes this kind of system more effective and cost-efficient. Similar systems can also be installed in houses with crawl spaces. Radon contractors can use other methods that may also work in your home. The right system depends on the design of your home and other factors.

EPA的“减少消费者指南”中讨论了减少房屋中ra的方法。您也可以从我们的Radon Publications页面下载副本。

The cost of reducing radon in your home depends on how your home was built and the extent of the radon problem. Most homes can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home repairs. The cost to fix can vary widely; consult with your state radon office or get one or more estimates from qualified mitigators. The cost is much less if a passive system was installed during construction.

Lowering high radon levels requires technical knowledge and special skills. You should use a contractor who is trained to fix radon problems. A qualified contractor can study the radon problem in your home and help you pick the right treatment method.

Check with your state radon office for names of qualified or state certified radon contractors in your area. You can also contact private radon proficiency programs for lists of privately certified radon professionals in your area. For more information on private radon proficiency programs, visit www.epa.gov/radon/radontest.html. Picking someone to fix your radon problem is much like choosing a contractor for other home repairs - you may want to get references and more than one estimate.

If you are considering fixing your home's radon problem yourself, you should first contact your state radon office for guidance and assistance (see www.epa.gov/radon/whereyoulive.html).

Most homes can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home repairs.

You should also test your home again after it is fixed to be sure that radon levels have been reduced. Most soil suction radon reduction systems include a monitor that willindicatewhether the system is operating properly. In addition, it's a good idea to retest your home every two years to be sure radon levels remain low.

Radon and Home Renovations

如果你计划任何重大结构覆盖着n, such as converting an unfinished basement area into living space, it is especially important to test the area for radon before you begin the renovation. If your test results indicate a radon problem, radon-resistant techniques can be inexpensively included as part of the renovation. Because major renovations can change the level of radon in any home, always test again after work is completed.

Scientists are more certain about radon risks than from most other cancer-causing substances.

Radon gas decays into radioactive particles that can get trapped in yourlungswhen you breathe. As they break down further, these particles release small bursts of energy. This can damage lungtissue和lead to lung cancer over the course of your lifetime. Not everyone exposed to elevated levels of radon will develop lung cancer. And the amount of time between exposure and theonsetof the disease may be many years.

Like other environmental pollutants, there is someuncertaintyabout the magnitude of radonhealthrisks. However, we know more about radon risks than risks from most other cancer-causing substances. This is because estimates of radon risks are based on studies of cancer in humans (underground miners).

Children have been reported to have greater risk than adults of certain types of cancer from辐射, but there are currently no conclusivedataon whether children are at greater risk than adults from radon.

Your chances of getting lung cancer from radon depend mostly on:

• How much radon is in your home
• The amount of time you spend in your home
• Whether you are a smoker or have ever smoked

为了估计如果您抽烟或从未抽烟，ra暴露的风险，请参阅ra风险Table.

MYTH:Scientists aren't sure radon really is a problem.

FACT:Although some scientists dispute the precise number of deaths due to radon, all the major health organizations (like theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, the American LungAssociation和theAmerican Medical Association) agree with estimates thatra每年会导致数千个可预防的肺癌死亡. This is especially true amongsmokers，由于吸烟者的风险要比非吸烟者大得多。

MYTH:Radon testing is difficult, time consuming and expensive.

FACT:Radon testing is easy. You can test your home yourself or hire a qualified radon test company. Either approach takes only a small amount of time and effort.

MYTH:无法解决ra问题的房屋。

FACT:There are simple solutions to radon problems in homes. Hundreds of thousands of homeowners have already fixed radon problems in their homes. Most homes can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home repairs; check with one or more qualified mitigators. Call your state radon office for help in identifying qualified mitigation contractors.

MYTH:Radon affects only certain kinds of homes.

FACT:House construction canaffectradon levels. However, radon can be a problem in homes of all types: old homes, new homes, drafty homes, insulated homes, homes with basements, homes without basements. Local geology, construction materials, and how the home was built are among the factors that can affect radon levels in homes.

MYTH:Radon is only a problem in certain parts of the country.

FACT:High radon levels have been found in every state. Radon problems do vary from area to area, but the only way to know your radon level is to test.

MYTH:A neighbor's test result is a goodindicationof whether your home has a problem.

FACT:It's not. Radon levels can vary greatly from home to home. The only way to know if your home has a radon problem is to test it.

MYTH:Everyone should test their water for radon.

FACT:尽管ra通过水进入了一些房屋，但必须先测试房屋中的空气以供ra。如果您的水来自使用地下水的公共供水，请致电您的水供应商。如果发现高ra含量并且房屋具有私密井，请致电1 800-426-4791与安全的饮用水热线联系，以进行测试。

MYTH:It's difficult to sell homes where radon problems have been discovered.

FACT:如果解决ra问题，房屋销售尚未被阻止或沮丧。附加的保护是一个很好的卖点。

MYTH:I've lived in my home for so long, it doesn't makesenseto take action now.

FACT:You will reduce your risk of lung cancer when you reduce radon levels, even if you've lived with a radon problem for a long time.

MYTH:Short-term tests can't be used for making a decision about whether to fix your home.

FACT:A short-term test, followed by a second short-term test* can be used to decide whether to fix your home. However, the closer the average of your two short-term tests is to 4 pCi/L, the less certain you can be about whether your year-round average is above or below that level. Keep inmindthat radon levels below 4 pCi/L still pose some risk. Radon levels can be reduced in most homes to 2 pCi/L or below.

*如果ra测试是房地产交易的一部分，则可以使用两个短期测试的结果来确定是否减轻。有关更多信息，请参见EPA的“房屋买家和伦敦的卖方指南”。

wwwww.epa.gov/radon EPA's main radon page. Includes links to publications, Hotlines, private radon proficiency programs and more.

If you need further information about radon or would like to ask a question, see our Frequently Asked Questions system at http://iaq.supportportal.com and select the topic area radon. You can use this interface to submit questions and subscribe to specific topic information.

Radon Hotlines

1-1-800-SOS-RADON (1-800-767-7236)*
National Radon HotlinePurchase radon test kits by phone.

1-800-55RADON (1-800-557-2366)*
国家氡热线Get live help for your radon questions.

1-800-644-6999*
National Radon Fix-It LineFor general information on fixing or reducing the radon level in your home.

1-800-426-4791
Safe Drinking Water Hotline，根据与EPA合同运营。有关测试，治疗，水中的ra和饮用水标准的信息。

*Operated by Kansas State University in partnership with EPA

EPA Regional Office, State Radon Coordinators, Tribal Program Offices

Call your state office for additional help with any of your radon questions. Up-to-date information on how to contact your state radon office, your EPA Regional Offices and Tribal Coordinators is available at www.epa.gov/radon/whereyoulive.html (just click on your state or EPA regional office). Visit www.epa.gov/iaqtribal for information specifically presented for Tribal Partners.